FOUNDATION
OF SCIENCE
1.
How
important is philosophy of science to your “being” English Post-graduate
student?
I think at the first time before I
know about philosophy I felt it’s so useless thing. I tried to avoid my self
from discussing of philosophy with friends. Because my old perception that a
philosophy subject just talks about sensitive thing must be banned, it’s about
God and the existence of human. Nevertheless after I knew the subject and read some
books and articles I do like it. I tried to change my mindset that a philosophy
of science is very important for students in every field programs especially
English post graduate student. It can not disturb our belief in God. Because I
am as a Muslim has strong believed in Alloh, it can not strongly effect to my
belief. However it can increase our belief. I knew that many philosophers from
Islam that contribute to the development of Islamic science at the past. I’m
really proud of it. For me the philosophy of science in English Post-graduate
student is able to make me have a bright knowledge how to be a wise man in
thinking and wider my perspective or to see something in broad perception. It
talks not only about the theory but also how to think in new perspective. Philosophy is able to involve the
habits of mind in which we make our selves and shifts our consciousness to a
large perspective through the genuine encounter of diverse worldviews. I
am interested to study or to know more about the subject because contribute me
to think positively, creatively and critically because thinking critically
belongs to post graduate students. It has changed my mindset. Why it made us
thinking critically? The reason is the philosophy materials are debatable. It guides us to speak frequently about what is
going on in our mind. Whether we support or against the theory in philosophy
based on our perception. With thinking we can see the world. The philosophy let
students know how to think critically and scientifically. Alloh swt suggested
us to think. Many verses stated about the important of thinking. Of course the post graduate students as agent
of social change should have curiosity about phenomena around them. Philosophy gives the
master degree ability to observe their view. Sometimes it seems push us to
reject our old mindset but the philosophies also give us the way to think new
to face and solve problems that might be hard. The ability to think logically
to distinguish anything can create students become survives in every condition
life. With learning many theories of
philosophy of science and the perspective of scientific has explained me how to
comprehend about the human philosophy so that make me simple to take decisions in
everyday life and to do this life. In philosophy of science also treat students
how to master foundation of science which relate to existence of science and
norms and ethic are needed in society field. Because in the philosophy of
science include the function and role of society, the purpose of life, ethics
or morals, the role of art in human lives, and the role of experience or reason
in the development of knowledge.
2.
Relate
to philosophy is the mother of science, how could you comment on God is dead
and Nietzsche is dead?
According to me as a Muslim
the statement told by Nietzsche is a wrong because God is so different than
human. God is different from anything. We can not state that God has the same
with human. God creates us, God creates anything. Human can not do it. No one
equivalent with Him. God is the one and only.
If we think that God is equal than human that is indicate that we are
atheists. Although Nietzsche stated that the death of God was not physically
but it was about the death of the way of God sight. I really not agree about
that assumption because God always live. God is perfect. The perfectness of God
is more than His creation. It is so impossible His creation more than Himself.
If He is equal than His creation it means denying attribute of His perfection.
He is perfect. He can destroy anything including human. God always be there,
always watching us and guiding us. And of course He knows everything in our
heart. God is unlimited.
Based on the Qur’an
verses below shows that God is different than human or there is none comparable unto Him. He is the eternal
and absolute.
In
Albaqarah verse 116-118 :
They say, " Allah has taken a son." Exalted is He!
Rather, to Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and the earth. All are
devoutly obedient to Him (Al Baqaarah : 116)
Originator of the heavens and the earth. When He decrees a matter,
He only says to it, "Be," and it is. (Al Baqaarah : 117)
Those who do not know say, "Why does Allah not speak to us or
there come to us a sign?" Thus spoke those before them like their words.
Their hearts resemble each other. We have shown clearly the signs to a people
who are certain [in faith]. (Al Baqaarah : 118)
The above verses means: Firstly, all that exists in heaven or earth
belongs to Allah. Secondly, everything is also subservient to Him in the sense
that no one can interfere with His omnipotence (for example, with His power to
create and to destroy), even if some men may be lax in obeying the injunctions
of the Shari'ah. Thirdly, He is the Creator and the Inventor of the skies and
of the earth. Fourthly, His power of creation is so mighty that when He wishes
to do something (for example, wishes to create something), He does not need any
instruments or helpers all that He does is to say, "Be", and the
thing becomes what He wishes it to be. These four qualities are not to be found
in anyone other than Allah. In fact, even those who attributed offspring to
Him, believed in this truth. Thus, their claims to the contrary stand finally
refuted.
In Ali imran verse 59
Indeed, the example of
Jesus to Allah is like that of Adam. He created Him from dust; then He said to
him, "Be," and he was (ali imran 59)
God is everlasting. God
always exist when anything destroyed. He creates what He wills, and Allah is over all
things competent.
And in Al hadid verse 3
He is the First and the
Last, the Ascendant and the Intimate, and He is, of all things, knowing. (Al
Hadid 3)
3. What
are the foundation of philosophy arriving at the study of philosophy of science
The foundation of
philosophy of science derives from three big questions. There are:
a. What
we want to know?
b. How
to get knowledge?
c. What
is the benefit of the knowledge for us?
The first question is a basic of
discussion in philosophy which called ontology.
In ontology will guide us to know about the being or the theory of being as such. Here
someone able to distinguish between science, knowledge and out of science. It
will observe the nature of being, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the
major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist
or can be said to exist. The ontological
questions include
c) Is
existence a genus or general class that is simply divided up by specific
differences?
d) Which
entities, if any, are fundamental? Are all entities objects?
g) How
many levels of existence or ontological levels are there? And what constitutes
a 'level'?
i)
Can one give an account
of what it means to say that a physical object exists?
j)
Can one give an account
of what it means to say that a non-physical entity exists?
l)
When does an object go out of existence, as opposed to merely changing?
m) Do
beings exist other than in the modes of objectivity and subjectivity, i.e. is
the subject/object split of modern philosophy inevitable?
The
second is called as epistemology. Epistemology
is knowledge and understanding and how it
relates to connected notions such as truth, belief, and justification. .
It
addressed mainly the following question:
a)
What is knowledge?
b)
How is knowledge
acquired?
c)
To what extent is it
possible for a given subject or entity to be known?
And
the last is axiology. It discusses about value theory and meta-ethics. It addressed mainly the following
question:
a)
What the knowledge and
science are for
b)
What is the
relationship between the way of using and morality sides
c)
How to determine object
that has been observed based on morality
d)
What is the
relationship between procedural and norm
The
three big questions above are a basic for philosophy to answer and observe the
truth phenomenon. And that is foundation to study of philosophy of science
4.
What
do you think of philosophy is science and science derives from knowledge
The first I would like
to define science and knowledge. Science is the study of the nature of behavior
of natural things. Science relate to scientific comprehension. Then knowledge
is information and understanding about a subject, which someone has in their
mind or explaining about something which obtain commonly by doing experience
and getting information. From both of definition we comprehend that knowledge
has broader field than science. Science and knowledge are completed each other.
Science refers to the body of reliable knowledge
itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained.
The existence of science and knowledge can’t be
separated because both are essential in life. Science builds intelligentsia
which produce skills of human daily needs while knowledge builds scientific
morality which produce attitude of human life. The curiosity about anything
makes someone developing their thinking. There are two factors of human
activity contribute to developing knowledge namely language and sense. By
language human can interact to anyone and getting knowledge then with sense
human can advance their knowledge.
The collecting of human
knowledge will produce science when it is arranged systematically. Knowledge
can be a science after getting a test empirically. It is including method,
activity, problems, attitude and effect. Finally it becomes science. In science
human will have a concept to comprehend about something by doing observation.
In the process of
science, someone is trying to get the detail information about phenomenon or
how to see an object and obtain many facts about it. The views at the larger
picture and understand the interrelation what it all means will produce
philosophy. The correlation of philosophy and science is helping someone to
obtain decision about values of anything that someone will do. Science starts
from assumption without test then philosophy try to test the truth. Philosophy
uses the result of science does by using sense based on experience. Philosophy
and science use the reflective thinking method face the truth in life. Both
organize systematically. Science helps philosophy in developing factual things
and essential for philosophy view. Science also tries to correct philosophy with
omitting any rejection ideas. Philosophy is uniting a piece of knowledge and
arranges it in perspective life.
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